London, 30 November – Nearly 200 million children[i] are living in the world’s most lethal war zones,[ii] the highest number in over a decade, many of whom are already at risk of climate change and facing unprecedented levels of hunger, a new report from Save the Children reveals.

Save the Children’s sixth report examining conflict trends for children found that the number living amid lethal conflicts in 13 countries rose 20% in 2020 from 162 million a year earlier, making it the second highest number on record, just behind 2008 at 208 million. The sharp increase in 2020 shows that a global pandemic and United Nations’ call for a global ceasefire were not enough to halt these wars. 

This spike was driven partly by outbreaks of violence in Mozambique, as well as ongoing conflicts in Afghanistan, the DRC, Nigeria, and Yemen, which are already on the frontline of climate change’s worst impacts and coping with life-threatening hunger crises.

The report, “Stop the War on Children: A Crisis of Recruitment”, reveals the number of countries where children are recruited into armed groups—and where more than half the world’s children (nearly 1.3 billion) live—also jumped to 39, its highest in 30 years. It also revealed the number of armed groups recruiting children rose during the pandemic to 110, compared to 85 in 2019 – a rise of nearly 30%.

Poverty and not being able to attend school — factors that have only worsened with the pandemic — are among the reasons why children are more vulnerable to recruitment by armed groups and forces, where their duties can range from fighting on the frontline to manning checkpoints. Many are also drawn to such groups in search of a sense of belonging, protection from abuse, status, or revenge.

“We were at the river swimming when people took us into the forest by force. They tortured us, beat us, and taught us how to kill and kidnap people. We have suffered a lot,” said Jean*, 17, who was forced to join an armed group in the Democratic Republic of the Congo before being rescued by Save the Children’s partner organisation, KUA.  “When I was in the forest, I felt very bad. I was very scared. My life was difficult."

Alison Griffin, Head of Conflict and Humanitarian Campaigns at Save the Children UK, said: “It’s simply horrifying that in the shadow of COVID-19 and the UN’s call for a global ceasefire, more children than ever before are caught in the crosshairs of the deadliest war zones, where they’re more likely to be injured, recruited or killed. Not even a global pandemic was enough to stop the most brutal wars and atrocities.

“Millions of children, from Afghanistan and Yemen to the DRC have known nothing but war with appalling consequences for their mental health, ability to go to school, and access to life-saving services. This is a stain on the international community and cannot go on.

“As part of its commitment to be a force for good, Global Britain must be a champion for children caught up in conflict and help them have future they deserve.”

While girls only made up 15% of UN-reported cases of recruitment in 2020, they are often targeted to act as spies, to lay mines and improvised explosive devices, or to act as suicide bombers because they are less likely to draw attention. Their vulnerability, low status, and gender also makes them susceptible to widespread abuse.

Children who are used by armed groups and forces are at greater risk of injury, disability, chronic mental or physical illness, PTSD, sexual violence, and death.

Alison Griffin added: “We know we can tackle the greatest challenges of our time and achieve remarkable progress when we work together, like the recent development of COVID vaccines. We now have to do the same to protect children from the horrors of conflict.”

The findings of the report also include:

• More than 450 million children worldwide—or 1 in 6—were living in a conflict zone, a 5% increase from 2019, and the highest number in 20 years. The number of conflicts in 2020 was identical to those in 2019.
• The UN verified early 8,600 cases of recruitment and the use of children in 2020. That’s roughly 25 a day and a 10% increase from the previous year. These numbers, however, are likely to represent only a fraction of actual cases.
• Interviews with 40 Save the Children staff members in 14 countries and regions about the situation for children found that:
• Many children have only known conflict, with serious impacts on their mental health;
• Children in conflict are bearing the brunt of weakened or collapsed economies and a lack of access to basic services, which has only worsened with COVID-19;
• Rarely is anyone being held accountable for atrocities committed against children;
• Access to education—often one of the first casualties of war—is equally critical to protecting children from conflict-related risks like forced recruitment.

Among its recommendations, Save the Children is calling on world leaders, security experts, donors, members of the UN, and NGOs to work together to hold perpetrators of these violations to account, to ensure all relevant policies and legal frameworks are ratified and implemented, and to ensure donors and governments prioritise child protection funding in humanitarian responses—which is at an all-time low—to support children impacted by conflict, including those who are recruited.

ENDS

• Children injured from the war in Yemen can be found here.
• Child soldiers case studies from the DRC can be found here.

For further enquiries, please contact:

Our media out of hours (BST) contact is media@savethechildren.org.uk / +44 (0)7831 650409

Notes to editors:

*Name changed to protect identity

• Save the Children, in cooperation with the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), estimated the number of children (under 18 years) in conflict zones who were at risk of being recruited into armed groups or government forces during the period 1990–2020. Children are defined as being ‘at risk of recruitment’ if they live within 50km of one or more lethal conflict, where at least one armed group or force was active and reported to have recruited children in a given year.
• Unlike UN reports, which cover a limited number of conflicts, our report provides an estimate for the number of children at risk in all armed conflicts around the world.
• A low-intensity conflict is defined as up to 25 battle-related deaths in one calendar year, a medium-intensity conflict as 25–999 battle deaths in a year, and a high-intensity conflict as 1,000 or more battle-related deaths in a year. In 2020, 13 countries had high intensity war zones where nearly 200 million children were living.
• Save the Children and PRIO drew on the following sources for their analysis:
• Bespoke data mapping children and armed conflict trends, Uppsala Conflict Data Program’s Georeferenced Event Dataset (UCDP GED) and population estimate from the UN 2019 World Population Prospects;
• Subnational data on conflict events, data collected by the Dallaire Institute for Children, Peace and Security in Canada, and the University of Leiden;
• All UN Secretary-General on children and armed conflict annual reports spanning the 1998–2020 period and reports from 2005 to 2020 from the Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism on grave violations committed against children in times of armed conflict;
• Interviews with 40 Save the Children staff in 14 country and regional offices. The data gathered covers the period from 1990 to 2020.