Gender

The gender differences that exist in the context of child labour are a reflection of the differences that exist in wider society. More often than not, they are even greater still.

The number of working girls in proportion to boys can be misleading because estimates do not take into account work in homes, either as domestic workers or in family enterprises.

In reality, just as general statistics are hard to rely on, so no one can be really sure of the proportion of boys and girls working, though official worldwide statistics would suggest it is boys who work more, if one only includes work for direct payment. However, it is also generally true that work increases girls’ vulnerability to exploitation and abuse even more than it does boys. (see 'Girls are more likely to...', below)

One of the most widespread forms of child labour is domestic work. This was seen traditionally in many countries as easy and safe work for children, particularly girls. However, it is increasingly evident that it can be dangerous for children and it is now recognised as a possible form of harmful work.

• Read our report on abuse in domestic work

According to the typical gender roles in a given society, girls and boys have different expectations as to the type of work they will do. Often, they follow the gender roles of parents and are channelled towards types of work that are typically ‘for boys’ or ‘for girls’. Employers of different industries may prefer to employ either girls or boys according to perceived differences between them. For example in the sewing industry they prefer to hire women, whilst boys are recruited to work in mines.

Gender discrimination may affect children whatever type of work they are doing. In some countries the law prohibits women from certain types of jobs. Studies have revealed that as a general pattern, girls are also paid less than boys for the same work. In many cultures boys are valued more than girls, who are socialized to hold inferior positions. Parents often invest more in the education of their sons than their daughters. In some cultures women are not supposed to leave the home to work and so their sons are often forced to start earning an income from a young age.

Girls are more likely to…

• Start working at a younger age than boys.
• Be paid less than boys for the same task.
• Remain in sectors and areas characterized by low salaries and long days.
• Work in ‘hidden’ child labour sectors and areas that are not regulated, increasing vulnerability to abuse and danger.
• Remain excluded from school, or else have the triple load of schooling, domestic chores and paid work.

When talking about child work it is important to bear in mind and promote the need for equality between boys and girls, to ensure that they have the same opportunities in life and equal access to and control over resources. This does not mean focusing only on girls, but implies working towards equal and wider opportunities for both sexes.